The emergence of China and its increasing significance in the international order precipitated Europe’s 'pivot to the East'. Since the establishment of diplomatic relations in 1975, there have been a number of changes. On one hand, following Deng Xiaoping’s policies, China underwent an unprecedented economic transformation, a process which has extended over the last several decades and led to its current position as the world’s second-largest economy. On the other hand, the European Union has continued to deepen its sui generis integration project at an economic and political level, creating an area of peace, security, and prosperity on the continent. The economic ties between the European Union and China have greatly intensified over the years, as illustrated by the fact that China is now the EU´s second-largest trading partner and the EU is China's largest.

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This relationship has brought prosperity and new opportunities to both parties, but some challenges remain. The European Commission has encouraged the EU to seek a more balanced and reciprocal relationship with China. However, in March 2019, the European Commission described China as a “cooperation partner”, a “negotiating partner”, an “economic competitor” and a “systemic rival”. The inclusion of the last term suggests a change in the European perception and subsequent approach towards China's global power.

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In the context of the 'polycrisis' in which we find ourselves, namely without satisfactory answers to growing economic inequality, the sense of loss of identity and voice, or the Fourth Industrial Revolution, among others, it is imperative for the EU to readdress both its strategic objectives and its role in the world. Unity, consistency, and vision should guide the EU’s engagement with China and more broadly, the international community.