Introduction
The shift towards EVs is crucial for achieving several SDGs, particularly those related to climate action, sustainable cities, and industry innovation. However, recent legal developments, particularly the EU's introduction of countervailing duties on Chinese EV imports, highlight the challenges and opportunities within this sector (Noerr, 2024). These tariffs are not only a response to perceived unfair trade practices but also a strategic move to protect the EU's domestic automotive industry.
EVs play a vital and varied role in accomplishing the SDGs. First and foremost, EVs support SDG 7, which aims to guarantee that everyone has access to modern, cheap, dependable, and sustainable energy (SDG Resources, 2025). Drive a transformative mobility strategy that prioritizes electric vehicles as a critical mechanism for reducing greenhouse gas emissions, supporting global climate action goals, and transitioning towards a low-carbon transportation infrastructure. This change is especially crucial because the transportation industry is very energy-dependent, and EV adoption can make it easier to employ renewable energy sources like solar and wind power, improving energy consumption sustainability (SDG Resources, 2025). To give an idea, EVs use roughly 87-91% of their battery energy to move, while gasoline-powered vehicles only use 16-25%. Because of this, EVs are roughly three to four times more efficient than cars with conventional internal combustion engines (ICEs) (IRENA, 2025).
The EU's commitment to lowering greenhouse gas emissions and its climate action targets are strongly related to the drive for EV adoption. Therefore, in the EU`s 2035 Zero Emission Target, all new automobiles and vans registered in the EU are required to have zero CO2 emissions. This is a crucial step in lowering transportation-related emissions, which now make up over 25% of all greenhouse gas emissions in the EU, with road transport accounting for roughly 70% of that total (European Commission, 2023). The EU can lessen its dependency on non-renewable energy sources and promote a more environmentally friendly energy transition by encouraging EVs (European Commission, 2023). On the other hand, China is one of the biggest manufacturers and users of EVs, making it a major player in the worldwide EV market.
The Chinese government has made significant investments in EV infrastructure and technology, coordinating its efforts with the SDGs for climate change and sustainable cities (Oxford Institute for Energy Studies, 2023). China has the potential to have a big influence on patterns of energy use worldwide as it develops its EV production capacity and upgrades its charging infrastructure. The interaction between China's industrial capabilities and the EU's regulatory framework offers chances for cooperation that can improve the efficiency of both regions' attempts to meet SDG 7. Both areas can use their advantages to advance a cleaner, more sustainable transportation future that supports their sustainability objectives by cooperating on technology transfer and sustainable practices in the EV industry.
Second, SDG 13, which demands immediate action to tackle climate change, is greatly aided by EVs (SDG Resources, 2025). Conventional automobiles contribute significantly to greenhouse gas emissions, whereas EVs emit significantly less, particularly when they are charged with renewable energy. For instance, a medium-size battery electric car produces about half the lifecycle emissions of an equivalent ICEV over 15 years of operation or around 200,000 km (IEA, 2024). By lowering total emissions from the transportation sector, the widespread use of EVs can significantly contribute to minimizing the effects of climate change (SDG Resources, 2025). Because of their dependence on fossil fuels, conventional automobiles are a significant source of greenhouse gas emissions . Basically, conventional automobiles primarily run on gasoline or diesel, which are derived from crude oil, a fossil fuel (Mospart, 2023). EVs, on the other hand, emit far fewer emissions, especially when they are charged with renewable energy. As China and the EU strive toward their climate targets, this distinction is essential. As part of its larger climate plan, the EU has established rules to promote the adoption of EVs and set aggressive goals for lowering carbon emissions. Some of the key laws and rules to promote the adoption of electric vehicles is the Regulation (EU) 2019/631, as amended, sets stringent CO2 emission performance standards for new passenger cars and vans, with targets of 93.6 g CO2/km for cars and 153.9 g CO2/km for vans from 2025 to 2029, and 49.5 g CO2/km for cars and 90.6 g CO2/km for vans from 2030 to 2034 (Jones Day, 2024). From 2035 onwards, a 100% reduction in CO2 emissions is mandated for both cars and vans, effectively banning new internal combustion engine vehicles.
Additionally, the Alternative Fuels Infrastructure Regulation (AFIR) requires the installation of fast charging stations with a minimum output of 150 kW every 60 kilometers along major transport networks, and mandates Member States to ensure a charging capacity of at least 1.3 kW per registered battery-powered vehicle (Virta, 2024). 21 EU member states provide tax breaks and bonus payments to encourage EV purchases in order to support these regulations. Together, these laws and regulations are intended to hasten the European Union's shift to electric vehicles.
In China, the New Energy Vehicle (NEV) Mandate Policy is the main legislative framework that governs China's adoption of EVs (IEA, 2025). The Development Plan for Energy-saving and New Energy Automotive Industry (2012-2020), which made EV development a national strategic priority, serves as the foundation for this regulatory approach. The NEV mandate, which was first implemented in 2018, mandates that manufacturers who produce more than 30,000 passenger cars a year get credits based on EV production. The requirements are increasingly strict, with 10% of total vehicle sales by 2019 growing to 18% by 2023 and 40% by 2030 (ICCT, 2018). The Chinese government has made significant investments in EV technology and infrastructure, showcasing an understanding for the importance of electric mobility to be widely adopted to lower greenhouse gas emissions and urban air pollution. To date, China leads the world in both EV production and EV usage, making it a key player in the international drive to slow down climate change. In 2023, China registered 8.1 million new electric vehicles according to the International Energy Agency (IEA, 2025). China was predicted to account for 65% of worldwide passenger EV sales in 2024, which further demonstrates its dominance. China's EV adoption rate reached over 35% recently, marking a significant milestone in the global energy transition (Cleantechnica, 2023).
Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs) significantly lower emissions, with monthly reductions ranging from 8.72 to 85.71 kg of CO2 per car and an average monthly reduction rate of 9.47%, according to a study that used real-world vehicle data from three major Chinese cities. An analysis conducted by the China Automotive Technology and Research Center (CATARC) found that the lifecycle carbon footprint of an EV in China is 37.8% lower than that of a vehicle with an internal combustion engine (Wang et al., 2023). Thus, EU-China cooperation in the EV industry could improve the efficacy of their own climate change mitigation plans. Both regions could optimize the environmental benefits of lower emissions and hasten the shift to electric mobility by exchanging best practices, technologies, and regulatory frameworks. In the end, widespread EV adoption supports global sustainability initiatives and lessens the effects of climate change, highlighting the significance of international collaboration in reaching SDG 13.
EVs also have the potential to contribute significantly to achieving SDG 11, which aims to create inclusive, secure, resilient, and sustainable cities (SDG Resources, 2025). One of the main causes of air pollution in cities is vehicle exhaust. More than half of the nitrogen oxides in our air come from transportation, which is also a big contributor to global warming emissions (Ship & Shore Environmental, n.d.). Making the switch to EVs can significantly improve urban air quality, which will benefit public health. Additionally, EV infrastructure integration promotes healthier living conditions by being consistent with sustainable urban development objectives (SDG Resources, 2025). The use of EVs offers a special chance for the EU and China to work together on sustainable urban planning projects in the framework of their relationship. As part of its efforts to lower emissions and enhance urban air quality, the EU has taken the initiative to enact laws that promote the use of EVs. For instance, all new automobiles must have zero CO2 emissions by 2035, according to historic EU legislation, with an interim goal of 55% fewer emissions by 2030 than in 2021 (World Economic Forum, 2023). According to the European Environment Agency, these regulations are intended to address the transportation sector's substantial contribution to greenhouse gas emissions, with EVs being a key component in mitigating the environmental impact (European Environment Agency, 2025). In order to promote healthier living conditions, the EU wants to seamlessly integrate electric mobility into urban surroundings by investing in EV infrastructure, such as smart grids and charging stations.
By encouraging sustainable energy use, lowering emissions, enhancing urban air quality, and spurring innovation in the automotive industry, EVs play a critical role in achieving several SDGs. However, SDGs are strongly impacted by the complicated legal environment surrounding the EU-China EV trade dispute. While complicating international collaboration on climate change, the EU intends to safeguard its own automotive industry from alleged unfair subsidies by slapping tariffs of up to 45.3% on Chinese electric vehicles (Deutsche Welle, 2025). In addition to running the risk of increasing trade tensions, these tariffs which surfaced during a year-long investigation may also impede the global shift to electric vehicles. The tariffs may ironically impede progress towards SDG 13 by lowering the number of reasonably priced EV options and upsetting the cooperative international efforts required to expedite sustainable transportation solutions, despite the EU's concerns about Chinese market domination. The ensuing discussions and punitive actions highlight the precarious equilibrium between safeguarding national economic interests and achieving collective environmental objectives. Both regions face obstacles relating to trade practices, market competition, and environmental norms as they work to improve sustainability through the adoption of EVs.
The Legal Landscape of EU-China EV Trade
On October 31, 2024, the EU implemented definitive countervailing duties on imports of battery EVs from China, with rates reaching as high as 35.3% for certain manufacturers. In other words, the total duty on Chinese electric vehicles is 45.3%, which includes the current 10% standard EU car import price. This suggests that Chinese EV producers like SAIC will pay a total import tax of 45.3%, which includes the standard 10% import tariff plus an extra 35.3% countervailing levy (European Commission, 2024). This decision followed a comprehensive anti-subsidy investigation initiated by the European Commission in October 2023 (Hinrich Foundation, 2024). The investigation revealed that Chinese manufacturers benefited from various forms of subsidies that distorted market conditions and posed a threat to EU producers.
The duties were imposed under Regulation (EU) 2016/1037, which allows the EU to take measures against subsidized imports that cause injury to its domestic industry (European Union, 2016). The investigation concluded that there was an imminent threat of material injury due to a projected surge in low-priced EV imports from China (European Commission, 2024). The decision to impose these duties was contentious within the EU Council, with several member states expressing concerns about potential retaliatory actions from China and the impact on their automotive industries. Germany and Spain were among those who shifted their positions during the voting process (European Council on Foreign Relations, 2025), reflecting the diverse interests at play within the bloc.
This defensive approach calls into question how to strike a balance between encouraging a competitive market and making sure the switch to EVs is in line with more general sustainability objectives. First off, even though these tariffs would protect European producers, they might also prevent EV uptake generally, which is crucial for achieving SDG 13 climate action (Centre for European Reform, 2024). Because EVs are more expensive than conventional fossil fuel vehicles, the EU's approach may unintentionally drag down the transition to cleaner transportation options.
Second, the integration of renewable energy sources in the EV supply chain may be impacted by tariffs, which is important for reaching SDG 7 clean and affordable energy (SDG Resources, 2025). Advances in battery technology and the integration of renewable energy, which are essential for a fully sustainable EV ecosystem, may be halted if European manufacturers prioritize maintaining their market share over developing and enhancing sustainability policies.
Furthermore, although tariffs are intended to lessen competition from Chinese EVs that are subsidized, they may also trigger retaliatory actions from China, which might escalate into a trade war that disrupts international supply chains and impedes cooperative efforts towards sustainable development. To guarantee that the shift to electric transportation effectively helps to reach the SDGs, the EU's strategy must ultimately strike a compromise between short-term economic interests and long-term environmental goals.It is important to mention, there are clear similarities to the current state of EU-China EV tariffs. The EU is now concentrating on electric vehicles, much as the US targeted different Chinese industries. The possible repercussions are similar to those of the 2018 trade war: reduced bilateral trade volumes, heightened economic uncertainty, and interrupted supply networks (Investopedia, 2025). The Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act of 1930 is one historical illustration of how protectionist policies can intensify into more extensive economic disputes, thereby impeding global collaboration and economic expansion (United States Congress, 1930).
The EU's dedication to creating a fair market environment that encourages innovation and sustainability in the automotive industry is reflected in this regulatory framework. However, it exacerbates relations with China, which has retaliated by complaining to the World Trade Organization (WTO) about the tariff, claiming they are protectionist policies that impede free competition (World Trade Organization, 2024). The future of EV adoption in both regions will be greatly impacted by the interaction between international trade agreements and regulatory activities. Effectively negotiating this terrain will enable the EU and China to work together on sustainable EV industry practices, ultimately achieving their common objectives of lowering emissions, enhancing urban air quality, and encouraging overall innovation crucial to achieving the SDGs.
Implications for Foreign Direct Investment
In the context of EU-China relations, the impact on FDI in the EV sector is closely tied to how EVs contribute to achieving the SDGs, particularly through fostering sustainable cities and combating climate change.In addition to prioritizing the switch to EVs to fight climate change and advance sustainable urban settings, the EU and China are negotiating a convoluted legislative framework that affects investment flows.
Increasing regulatory obstacles have caused Chinese foreign direct investment (FDI) to strategically relocate from North America to Europe. Chinese investments in Europe are still less limited than in the US, despite the fact that they are becoming more challenging. Chinese FDI in Europe fell to €6.8 billion in 2023, the lowest amount since 2010, with a notable shift towards strategic industries like EVs (Rhodium Group, 2024). This approach supports the EU's objectives of increasing domestic value-added production and encouraging innovation in the automobile industry, in addition to preserving access to profitable European markets for Chinese companies. Chinese investment in EV-related sectors might therefore spur technological development and job creation in Europe, supporting SDG 9, which places a strong emphasis on sustainable industrialization and resilient infrastructure (Peterson Institute for International Economics, 2024). Furthermore, this dynamic link between EV uptake, FDI, and SDGs emphasizes how crucial regulatory cooperation is between the EU and China. Through the creation of collaborative frameworks that encourage equitable competition and sustainable practices, both regions can capitalize on their unique advantages to further their sustainability goals. In the end, creating an atmosphere that is favorable to FDI in the EV industry not only promotes economic expansion but is also essential to reaching global sustainability goals, demonstrating how global collaboration can propel advancements toward a cleaner and more sustainable future.
In order to effectively use EV technology to reach global sustainability targets, countries must comprehend these dynamics as they negotiate the intricacies of international commerce and investment in the EV sector. The imposition of countervailing duties has significant implications for FDI in the EV sector:
Investment Climate: The tariffs may deter Chinese investments in European EV manufacturing due to increased costs and uncertainties surrounding trade relations. China has already threatened to reduce its FDI in this sector in response to the tariffs.
Market Dynamics: As FDI flows are influenced by trade policies, the countervailing duties could lead to a reconfiguration of supply chains in the EV market. European companies may seek alternative sources for components or consider relocating production closer to home to mitigate tariff impacts.
Sustainability Goals: FDI is crucial for achieving SDGs related to sustainable industry practices. If Chinese investment diminishes due to these tariffs, it could slow down technological advancements and infrastructure development necessary for a successful transition to electric mobility.
Recommendations for Legal Frameworks
A strong legal framework is necessary to promote sustainable development while navigating the complicated terrain of EV trade between the EU and China. The need for strategic legal proposals that address trade imbalances and support the larger goals of the SDGs is highlighted by the EU's recent application of countervailing charges on Chinese EV imports. In the EV industry, these suggestions seek to advance sustainable practices, fair competition, and FDI. In order to ensure that the shift to electric mobility positively impacts global sustainability efforts, stakeholders can establish an environment that is favorable to innovation and sustainability by strengthening trade agreements, offering incentives for green investments, and encouraging regulatory collaboration. To navigate this complex landscape effectively while promoting sustainable development through EVs, several legal recommendations can be made:
Enhanced Trade Agreements: The EU should pursue bilateral agreements with China that include provisions for fair competition and sustainable practices in the EV sector. Such agreements could facilitate technology transfer while addressing concerns over subsidies.A Joint Innovation Fund between the EU and China might be established with the express goal of advancing environmentally friendly EV technology. R&D initiatives that support battery recycling, energy efficiency, and environmentally friendly production methods would be the main emphasis of this fund.
Incentives for Green Investments: Establishing fiscal incentives for companies investing in sustainable technologies can attract FDI while aligning with SDGs. This could include tax breaks or grants for projects focused on renewable energy integration within EV manufacturing. For instance, provide extra incentives for projects headed by women or that promote gender equality in the workforce, such as funding for businesses that run initiatives encouraging women to pursue STEM careers in EV technology. Additionally, fiscal incentives could be linked to initiatives that include local communities or boost local economies. This might involve financing community education initiatives on sustainable habits or local EV charging infrastructure.
Regulatory Collaboration: Joint regulatory frameworks between the EU and China can help standardize practices in the EV sector, fostering cooperation while ensuring compliance with sustainability goals.
Monitoring Mechanisms: Implementing robust monitoring mechanisms can help ensure that investments align with environmental standards and contribute positively to achieving SDGs.
Conclusion
The evolving legal landscape surrounding EVs in EU-China relations underscores both challenges and opportunities for sustainable development. The introduction of countervailing duties reflects a significant shift in trade policy aimed at protecting domestic industries while addressing unfair competition from subsidized imports. However, these measures also pose risks to FDI and could hinder progress toward achieving critical sustainability objectives.
The most viable strategy entails going beyond punitive actions to establish a collaborative framework that tackles systemic issues and advances common sustainable development objectives. Model-specific pricing plans, regional production alliances, and shared pledges to cut emissions might all be part of this. The EU and China can turn current tensions into a chance for creative, sustainable economic collaboration that promotes their respective industrial and climatic goals by concentrating on cooperative growth in the EV sector.
In conclusion, even if the existing regulatory environment poses serious obstacles to EU-China EV trade, it also presents chances for cooperation that can promote sustainable development. Both areas can increase their contributions to reaching the SDGs by concentrating on developing a balanced legislative environment that permits fair competition while fostering innovation and sustainability. In order to make the switch to electric mobility both financially feasible and ecologically responsible and to pave the path for a more sustainable future globally a collaborative approach will ultimately be essential.
This article does not necessarily reflect the opinions of European Guanxi, its leadership, members, partners, or stakeholders, nor of those of its editors or staff. They have been formulated by the author in their full capacity, and shall not be used for any other purposes other than those they are intended for. European Guanxi assumes no liability or responsibility deriving from the improper use of the contents of this report. Any false facts, errors, and controversial opinions contained in the articles are proper and exclusive of the authors. European Guanxi or its staff and collaborators cannot be held responsible or legally liable for the use of any and all information contained in this document.
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
Carolina Fabara is a Lawyer of the Courts of Justice of Ecuador and a PhD Candidate in International Law at the Chinese University of Political Science and Law. She holds an LLM in commercial and economic law from Shanghai University of Finance and Economics and specializes in business law. Carolina’s research focuses on business law, international investment, and comparative law. She is the Latin America Hub Director at THINC Fellowship, founder of "Umalliq" NGO, and author of Legal Analysis on the National Security Review. She advocates for women's economic empowerment and sustainable business practices through legal consulting and research.
This article was edited by Luca Rastelli and Maria Kienzle.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Centre for European Reform, 2024. The EU's Drive on China: What EV Tariffs Mean for Europe [Online]. London: Centre for European Reform. Available from: https://www.cer.eu/insights/eus-drive-china-what-ev-tariffs-mean-europe [Accessed 13 January 2025].
Cleantechnica, 2023. 35% Plugin Vehicle Market Share In China! China EV Sales Report [Online]. Available from: https://cleantechnica.com/2023/07/05/35-plugin-vehicle-market-share-in-china-china-ev-sales-report-2/ [Accessed 25 January 2025].
Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2024/2754 of 29 October 2024 imposing a definitive countervailing duty on imports of new battery electric vehicles designed for the transport of persons originating in the People’s Republic of China, Official Journal of the European Union, L 123, pp. 1-15.
European Commission, 2023. Fit for 55: EU reaches new milestone to make all new cars and vans zero-emission by 2035 [Online]. Available from: https://climate.ec.europa.eu/news-your-voice/news/fit-55-eu-reaches-new-milestone-make-all-new-cars-and-vans-zero-emission-2035-2023-03-28_en [Accessed 13 January 2025].
European Commission, 2024. Definitive duties on battery electric vehicle imports from China [Online]. Available from: https://europa.eu/newsroom/ecpc-failover/index_en.htm [Accessed 25 January 2025].
European Commission, 2023. Renewable Energy Targets [Online]. Available from: https://energy.ec.europa.eu/topics/renewable-energy/renewable-energy-directive-targets-and-rules/renewable-energy-targets_en [Accessed 18 January 2025].
European Council on Foreign Relations, 2025. Divided we stand: The EU votes on Chinese electric vehicle tariffs [Online]. Available from: https://ecfr.eu/article/divided-we-stand-the-eu-votes-on-chinese-electric-vehicle-tariffs/ [Accessed 25 January 2025].
European Union, 2016. Regulation (EU) 2016/1037 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 8 June 2016 on protection against subsidised imports from countries not members of the European Union [Online]. Official Journal of the European Union, L 176, pp. 55-91. Available from: http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2016/1037/oj [Accessed 25 January 2025].
Fastmarkets, 2025. Policy changes in the global EV market: China ahead in 2025 [Online]. Available from: https://www.fastmarkets.com/insights/policy-changes-global-ev-market-china-ahead-2025/ [Accessed 25 January 2025].
Hinrich Foundation, 2024. EU Tariffs on Chinese EVs: A Climate Conundrum [Online]. Published 9 July. Available from: https://www.hinrichfoundation.com/research/article/tech/eu-tariffs-on-chinese-evs-a-climate-conundrum/ [Accessed 13 January 2025].
International Council on Clean Transportation, 2018. China's New Energy Vehicle Mandate Policy (Final Rule)
[Online]. Available from: https://theicct.org/sites/default/files/publications/China-NEV-mandate_ICCT-policy-update_20032018_vF-updated.pdf [Accessed 25 January 2025].
International Energy Agency, 2024. Global EV Outlook 2024 [Online]. Available from: https://www.iea.org/reports/global-ev-outlook-2024/outlook-for-emissions-reductions [Accessed 24 January 2025].
International Energy Agency, 2025. New Energy Vehicle (NEV) Mandate Policy [Online]. Available from: https://www.iea.org/policies/3335-new-energy-vehicle-nev-mandate-policy [Accessed 25 January 2025].
Investopedia, 2025. Trade War [Online]. Available from: https://www.investopedia.com/terms/t/trade-war.asp [Accessed 25 January 2025].
Jones Day, 2024. New CO₂ Emission Standards for Cars and Vans in the EU [Online]. Available from: https://www.jonesday.com/en/insights/2024/12/new-co-emission-standards-for-cars-and-vans-in-the-eu [Accessed 25 January 2025].
Mospart, 2023. The Pros and Cons of Owning a Traditional Gasoline-Powered Car [Online]. Available from: https://mospart.com/the-pros-and-cons-of-owning-a-traditional-gasoline-powered-car-2/ [Accessed 25 January 2025].
Noerr, 2024. The EU's Countervailing Duties on Electric Cars: Entering a New Era of Trade Relations with China? [Online]. Last modified 1 November. Available from: https://www.noerr.com/en/insights/the-eu-countervailing-duties [Accessed 13 January 2025].
Peterson Institute for International Economics, 2024. Europe Remains Open to Chinese Investment in Electric Vehicle Sector [Online]. Available from: https://www.piie.com/research/piie-charts/2024/europe-remains-open-chinese-investment-electric-vehicle-sector [Accessed 25 January 2025].
Rhodium Group, 2024. Chinese Foreign Direct Investment in Europe: 2023 Update [Online]. Available from: https://rhg.com/research/chinese-fdi-in-europe-2023-update/ [Accessed 25 January 2025].
SDG Resources, 2025. Electric Vehicles (EVs) [Online]. Accessed 6 January. Available from: https://sdgresources.relx.com/electric-vehicles-evs [Accessed 13 January 2025].
Ship & Shore Environmental, n.d. The Role of Vehicle Exhaust in Urban Air Pollution [Online]. Available from: https://shipandshore.com/the-role-of-vehicle-exhaust-in-urban-air-pollution/ [Accessed 25 January 2025].
United States Congress, 1930. Tariff Act of 1930 (Smoot-Hawley Tariff). Public Law 71-361, 46 Stat. 590.
Virta, 2024. Here's how EU legislation accelerates the EV revolution [Online]. Available from: https://www.virta.global/blog/this-is-how-eu-regulation-accelerates-the-electric-vehicle-revolution [Accessed 25 January 2025].
Wang, X., Zhao, J., Guo, Y., Jiang, X., Yin, Y., Hang, J., Ye, W., Shen, J., Zhang, Y. and Wang, H., 2023. Spatiotemporal spillover effects of electric vehicle adoption on air quality in China [Online]. Scientific Reports, 13(1), p.23595. Available from: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-023-50745-6 [Accessed 25 January 2025].
World Economic Forum, 2023. This EU law will require all new cars sold to have zero CO2 emissions from 2035 [Online]. Available from: https://www.weforum.org/stories/2023/03/this-eu-law-will-require-all-new-cars-sold-to-have-zero-co2-emissions-from-2035/ [Accessed 25 January 2025].
World Trade Organization, 2024. Dispute Settlement: Dispute DS630 Regarding EU Tariffs on Chinese Electric Vehicles [Online]. Available from: https://www.wto.org/english/news_e/news24_e/ds630rfc_06nov24_e.htm [Accessed 25 January 2025].
Comments